Ko nga tohu hangarau opolyacrylamideko te taumaha o te ngota, te tohu hauwai, te tohu katote, te pokey, te toenga o te ihirangi monomer, no reira ka taea te whakatau i te kounga o te PAM mai i enei tohu!
01Taumaha rāpoi
He tiketike rawa te taumaha ngota o PAM, kua tino pai ake i nga tau tata nei.Ko te PAM, i whakamahia i nga tau 1970, he miriona te taumahatanga ngota.Mai i te tekau tau atu i 1980, neke atu i te 15 miriona te taumaha ngota o te PAM tino pai, ko etahi i tae ki te 20 miriona."Ko ia ngota ngota PAM he polymerized mai i te neke atu i te kotahi rau mano ngota ngota acrylamide konutai acrylate ranei (ko te acrylamide he 71 te taumaha ngota, me te PAM me te kotahi rau mano monomers he 7.1 miriona te taumaha mole)."
I te nuinga o te waa, he pai ake te mahi a te PAM me te taumaha ngota teitei, me te taumaha ngota o te 71 mo te acrylamide me te 7.1 miriona mo te PAM kei roto 100,000 monomers.Ko te taumaha ngota o te polyacrylamide me ona hua mai i nga rau mano ki te neke atu i te 10 miriona, kia rite ki te taumaha ngota ka taea te wehea ki te taumaha ngota iti (i raro iho i te 1 miriona), te taumaha ngota waenga (1 miriona ki te 10 miriona), te taumaha ngota teitei. (10 miriona ki te 15 miriona), te taumaha molecular super (neke atu i te 15 miriona).
Ko te taumaha ngota o nga mea waro macromolecular, ahakoa i roto i te hua kotahi kaore i te tino rite, ko te taumaha o te rapoi ingoa ko tona toharite.
02Te tohu o te hauwai me te tohu katote
Ko te tohu katote o te PAM he nui te paanga ki tona paanga whakamahi, engari ko tona uara e tika ana ka whakawhirinaki ki te momo me te ahua o nga rawa e tukinotia ana, ka rereke nga uara tino pai i raro i nga ahuatanga rereke.Mena he teitei ake te kaha o te katote o nga mea e tukinotia ana (kei roto he matū pararopi ake), me teitei ake te tohu katote o PAM, engari me iti ake.I te nuinga o te waa, ko te tohu o te anion ka kiia ko te tohu o te hauwai.A ko te tohu katote e pa ana ki nga cation.
Katote =n/(m+n)*100%
Ko te PAM i hangaia i te waahi tuatahi i polymerized mai i te monomer o te polyacrylamide, kaore i roto i te roopu -COONa.I mua i te whakamahinga, me tapirihia te NaOH me te whakamahana ki te whakamahana i tetahi waahanga o te roopu -CONH2 ki te -COONa.Ko te whārite e whai ake nei:
-CONH2 + NaOH → -COONa + NH3↑
Ka tukuna te hau haukini i te wa o te hauwai.Ko te wahanga o te amide hydrolysis i roto i te PAM e kiia ana ko te tohu o te hydrolysis o te PAM, ko te tohu o te anion.Ko te whakamahinga o tenei momo PAM kaore i te watea, he kino hoki te mahi (he whakamahana hydrolysis ka tino heke te taumaha ngota me te mahi o te PAM), he uaua te whakamahi mai i nga tau 1980.
Ko te hanga hou o te PAM he maha nga momo hua tohu anion rereke, ka taea e te kaiwhakamahi kia rite ki te hiahia me te whakamatautau tonu ki te whiriwhiri i te momo e tika ana, kaore e hiahia ki te hydrolysis, i muri i te whakakorenga ka taea te whakamahi.Heoi, na runga i nga tikanga, ka kii tonu etahi ki te mahi whakakorenga o nga kaahua he waiwai.Me tohu ko te tikanga o te hydrolysis ko te pirau o te wai, he tauhohenga matū.Ko te haukinia o te PAM kua tukuna;Ko te whakakore he mahi tinana anake, kaore he tauhohenga matū.He rereke nga mea e rua, a kaua e pohehe.
03Ko te ihirangi monomer toenga
Ko te toenga monomer o te PAM e pa ana ki te ihirangi omonomer acrylamidei roto i te polymerization acrylamide ki polyacrylamide i roto i te tukanga o te tauhohenga kore oti, me te mutunga toenga i roto i nga hua acrylamide.He tawhā nui hei ine mena he pai mo te umanga kai.Ko te polyacrylamide he paitini kore, engari he paitini te acrylamide.I roto i te polyacrylamide ahumahi, he uaua ki te karo i nga toenga o te monomer acrylamide korepolymerized.Na reira, ko te ihirangi o te toenga monomer i rotoNga hua PAMme tino whakahaere.Ko te nui o te toenga monomer i roto i te PAM e whakamahia ana i roto i te wai inu me te ahumahi kai kaore e whakaaetia kia neke atu i te 0.05% o te ao.He iti iho te uara o nga hua kee rongonui i te 0.03%.
04pokey
Ko te otinga PAM he tino poiri.Ko te teitei o te taumaha ngota o PAM, ka nui ake te pokey o te otinga.Ko tenei na te mea he roa, he mekameka angiangi nga macromolecules PAM he nui te atete ki te neke i roto i te otinga.Ko te ngako o te pokey ko te whakaata i te rahi o te kaha waku i roto i te otinga, e mohiotia ana ko te whakarea waku o roto.Ko te pokey o te otinga o nga momo mea pararopi polymer katoa he teitei me te piki ake i te pikinga o te taumaha ngota.He tikanga ki te whakatau i te taumaha ngota o nga mea waro polymer, ko te whakatau i te pokey o tetahi kukū o te otinga i raro i etahi tikanga, katahi ka rite ki tetahi tauira hei tatau i tona taumaha ngota, e kiia nei ko "viscose average molecular weight".
Wā tuku: Hānuere-12-2023